LNG Fundamentals – Technologies and Production

To review the structure of an LNG chain and the world map of LNG plants
To assess how new energy sources (such as unconventional gas) and new LNG players are affecting the LNG business
To understand main LNG physical properties and specificities
To apply knowledge of LNG simulation
To grasp main liquefaction processes’ operating principles, conditions and constraints
To gain an overview of the technology of equipment used in the LNG industry
To apply knowledge of LNG gas pretreatment, drying, and refrigeration
To understand about LNG storage, shipping, and terminals, sizing basis, and small scale tanks
To understand types of LNG carriers, marine management issues, and LNG transfer
To understand main equipment using in LNG plant
To overview LNG vs CNG making the right decision for your fleet

What is LNG, why it is produced, and what is the current status of the industry
The LNG Chain - Order of magnitude and trends - Location of main plants worldwide
Base load LNG plants - Peak shaving LNG plants - Small LNG plants for LNG fueled vehicles
Receiving terminals - Regasification techniques - Satellite regasification techniques
Some technical fundamentals of gas processing, such as molecular weight, heating value, Wobbe Index, vapor pressure, multi-component mixtures, thermodynamics.
Physical properties: Liquid-Vapor equilibrium, density, ratio of vapor methane / LNG, heat of vaporization, heat of combustion...
Safety aspects: Flash Point, Fire Point, Auto-ignition Point, Minimum Spark Energy, Flammability Limits, Deflagration, LNG Vaporization, Rapid Phase Transition (RPT), Radiation levels, Stratification / Roll-over, Sloshing, LNG clouds ignition, Asphyxiation risks, Cryogenic liquids jets, Piping behavior

Technologies used in the production of LNG for base-load and small scale production, issues relating to technology selection, and operation
Main equipment used in the production of LNG: heat exchangers, compressors and drivers used for LNG, pumps, and turbo expanders
Feed pretreatment: sweetening, dehydration, LNG extraction, Hg and aromatics removal
Different liquefaction processes: Pure Component Refrigerants, Pure component(s) and Mixed Refrigerant(s), Mixed Refrigerants

LNG importing, regasification of LNG and distribution to consumers, basis for sizing, technology selection, and energy integration
LNG tanks: Single or Double or Full Containment (self-standing, membrane) - Hazards
Jetty head, Jetty trestle, harbor
LNG Carriers: common features, technology, cargo operations, safety systems