LNG Fundamentals – Technologies and Production

Training objectives

• To review the structure of an LNG chain and the world map of LNG plants
• To assess how new energy sources (such as unconventional gas) and new LNG players are affecting the LNG business
• To understand main LNG physical properties and specificities
• To apply knowledge of LNG simulation
• To grasp main liquefaction processes’ operating principles, conditions and constraints
• To gain an overview of the technology of equipment used in the LNG industry
• To apply knowledge of LNG gas pretreatment, drying, and refrigeration
• To understand about LNG storage, shipping, and terminals, sizing basis, and small scale tanks
• To understand types of LNG carriers, marine management issues, and LNG transfer
• To understand main equipment using in LNG plant
• To overview LNG vs CNG making the right decision for your fleet

Training outlines

The LNG world and new energy sources

What is LNG, why it is produced, and what is the current status of the industry

The LNG Chain - Order of magnitude and trends - Location of main plants worldwide

Base load LNG plants - Peak shaving LNG plants - Small LNG plants for LNG fueled vehicles

Receiving terminals - Regasification techniques - Satellite regasification techniques

The LNG physical properties and specifications

Some technical fundamentals of gas processing, such as molecular weight, heating value, Wobbe Index, vapor pressure, multi-component mixtures, thermodynamics.

Physical properties: Liquid-Vapor equilibrium, density, ratio of vapor methane / LNG, heat of vaporization, heat of combustion...

Safety aspects: Flash Point, Fire Point, Auto-ignition Point, Minimum Spark Energy, Flammability Limits, Deflagration, LNG Vaporization, Rapid Phase Transition (RPT), Radiation levels, Stratification / Roll-over, Sloshing, LNG clouds ignition, Asphyxiation risks, Cryogenic liquids jets, Piping behavior

The LNG Simulation

Basic scheme

Composition

Flowrate

Pressure, Temperature

En flash

The LNG technology overview

Technologies used in the production of LNG for base-load and small scale production, issues relating to technology selection, and operation

Main equipment used in the production of LNG: heat exchangers, compressors and drivers used for LNG, pumps, and turbo expanders

Feed pretreatment: sweetening, dehydration, LNG extraction, Hg and aromatics removal

Different liquefaction processes: Pure Component Refrigerants, Pure component(s) and Mixed Refrigerant(s), Mixed Refrigerants

The LNG technology overview

Technologies used in the production of LNG for base-load and small scale production, issues relating to technology selection, and operation

Main equipment used in the production of LNG: heat exchangers, compressors and drivers used for LNG, pumps, and turbo expanders

Feed pretreatment: sweetening, dehydration, LNG extraction, Hg and aromatics removal

Different liquefaction processes: Pure Component Refrigerants, Pure component(s) and Mixed Refrigerant(s), Mixed Refrigerants

The LNG storage and transmission

LNG importing, regasification of LNG and distribution to consumers, basis for sizing, technology selection, and energy integration

LNG tanks: Single or Double or Full Containment (self-standing, membrane) - Hazards

Jetty head, Jetty trestle, harbor

LNG Carriers: common features, technology, cargo operations, safety systems

The LNG vs CNG

CNG and LNG comparisons

Fueling considerations

Application considerations